Estimation of smoke dosage and mortality of non-smokers from environmental tobacco smoke |
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| Authors: | M A Russell |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;2. Applied Physiology in Nutrition, Exercise and Genetics Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;3. Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Children’s Institute, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 647-Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;4. Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;5. Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Darcy Vargas, Sao Paulo, Brazil;1. Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, España;2. Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Invictus Plus, Red Nacional de Investigación en Ictus, Madrid, España;3. Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, España;4. Hospital Universitario de Nuestra Señora de Valme, Sevilla, España;5. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España;6. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Coruña INIBIC, La Coruña, España;7. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España;8. Hospital Universitario San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, España;9. Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Lérida, España;1. Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio;2. Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica. Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;1. Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;2. Senior Resident, Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;3. Director, Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia;4. Professor, Department of Cardio Vascular and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;5. Additional Professor, Department of Cardio Vascular and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;1. School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia;2. Faculty of Psychology, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia;3. Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro, Colombia |
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| Abstract: | This paper shows how biochemical markers can be used to estimate smoke intake from passive smoking to complement epidemiological studies on the health risks and mortality to non-smokers. Using data from slow nicotine infusions given over 1 h, we estimated that the nicotine intake from passive smoking averages about 0.014 mg/h among urban non-smokers leading their usual daily lives. This compares with 0.23 mg/h in a smoke-filled public house, 0.36 mg/h during maximum exposure in an unventilated room, and 1.0 to 1.4 mg nicotine per cigarette taken in by active smokers. Data from several studies on urinary nicotine concentrations and those of cotinine in blood, urine and saliva were collated. The results show that the concentrations in non-smokers averaged about 0.7% (for nicotine) and 0.6% (for cotinine) of the levels found in smokers. From this we estimate that the mortality from passive smoking is about 1000 non-smokers per year in Britain and about 4000 per year in the United States, assuming that the relation of dose to risk is linear. |
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