基于模拟航天任务的心理学研究:任务、内容和方法

模拟空间环境是现阶段开展航天心理学研究的最主要手段之一。本文从任务设定、研究内容和研究方法 3个方面,分析了包括火星-500(Mars-500)在内的6个模拟航天任务心理学研究。6个任务的环境设定各有特点,覆盖了从近地轨道到火星探索等不同时程和类型的航天任务,并将跨文化乘组和通讯延迟等因素设计在内。航天员情绪、认知变化,乘组的人际关系与内部凝聚力、自治情况成为模拟任务研究的重点。问卷、访谈、日志分析、计算机化测试、行为观察分析等研究方法在各任务中有不同程度的使用。今后,我国可以在乘组人际互动和人际关系、团队构成对人际互动和关系的作用、个体情绪变化规律和调节措施、个体高级认知功能变化等几方面开展中长期航天任务模拟研究。

Psychological Studies Based on Analog Spaceflight Missions: Task,Content and Method

Analog space environment is an important mean for space psychology researches.Six major analog missions including CAPSULS,HUBES,SFINCSS-99,NEEMO,HMP-2008 and Mars-500 were reviewed in this paper.The task and environment settings,study contents,research methods were compared and discussed.There were varieties of environment settings ranging from on-orbit station to Mars exploration.Besides,cross-culture crew and communication delay were considered in some of experiments.The topics covered included crew emotions,cognitive performance,motivation,interpersonal relationship,crew cohesion and autonomy.These topics were especially important for the future Lunar and Mars mission design and research.These contents under a series of quantitative and qualitative methods were discussed containing questionnaire,interview,dairy analysis,computer-based test,behavioral observation,expression identification and so on.Recommendations for each topic were offered and summarized for future researches in the field.According to the results,long-term simulation experiments should be conducted to further analyze human interaction,crew construction,negative emotions and countermeasures,advanced cognitive performance within Chinese culture context.