肾病综合征合并血栓栓塞症临床特点分析

目的:回顾性分析肾病综合征(NS)不同肾脏病理类型合并血栓栓塞症患者临床表现和实验室检查特点。方法:42例NS合并血栓栓塞症患者均行肾活检明确诊断,其病理类型包括微小病变(MCD)9例(21.4%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)10例(23.8%)和膜性肾病(MN)23例(54.8%)。分析患者发生血栓栓塞症时的临床表现,血液和尿液等实验室检查特点。血栓栓塞症的确诊方法为:肾血管、下腔静脉、肺动脉以及腹部其他血管行CT血管成像(CTA);四肢深静脉、颈内静脉采用压迫型超声;磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查头颅血管。结果:(1)本组患者年龄9岁～65岁,三组患者平均年龄、性别分布无统计学差异,MN组平均年龄(36.2±17.0)岁,较文献报道特发性MN患者平均年龄水平低(P0.05)。(2)NS病程中的任何阶段均可发生血栓栓塞症,MCD组多见于NS复发阶段,MN组多为NS治疗无效者。(3)全身深静脉均可发生血栓,常见部位:肾静脉血栓(RVT)21处、肺动脉栓塞(PE)15处和下腔静脉10处;90.5%RVT和60%PE患者为MN组;MN组平均每例发生血栓部位数(1.87处)显著高于MCD(1.1处)和FSGS(1.1处)。(4)镜下或肉眼血尿、腰痛和肾脏体积增大为RVT患者的常见临床症状;PE患者主要临床症状为胸痛、呼吸困难和咯血;少数患者为无症状性VTE。(5)实验室检查结果提示MN组血白蛋白高于MCD和FSGS组,而胆固醇、血红蛋白水平,血小板数量和红细胞压积均低于MCD和FSGS组;MCD和FSGS组抗凝血酶III值降低尤其明显(均低于MN组)。D二聚体阳性率86.5%。结论:NS合并血栓栓塞症十分常见,不同病理类型,其发生血栓的时间、部位和实验室检查特点有所不同,少数患者发生VTE可无临床症状,高危患者D二聚体阴性亦不能排除血栓可能,需进一步筛查。

Clinical characteristics in nephrotic syndrome with thromboembolic complications

Objective:To study the clinical and laboratory features of thromboembolic complications in the adult patients in different pathological types with nephrotic syndrome.Methodology:Forty-two biopsy-proven adult nephrotic syndrome patients with thromboembolic complications were enrolled in this retrospective study.According to their pathological types three groups were divided.They were 9(21.4%)cases of minimal change disease(MCD),10(23.8%)cases of focal segemental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS),and 23(54.8%)cases of...