Effects of preparation methods on the bone formation potential of apatite-coated chitosan microspheres

To investigate the effects of preparation methods on the bone formation potential of apatite-coated chitosan microspheres, coacervate precipitation method and emulsion cross-linking method were chosen to prepare chitosan microspheres, and then apatite coatings were deposited using simulated body fluid. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were seeded on these microspheres. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation potential were monitored. For in vivo analysis, some cell/microsphere constructs were implanted in the subcutaneous pockets of male Wistar rats. After 3, 6, 12 weeks, the samples were retrieved and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Some cell/microsphere constructs were implanted in the calvarial defects of rats. Micro-CT and HE analysis were performed to analyze the new bone formation. It was found that BMSCs on apatite-coated emulsion cross-linked microspheres (EM1) exhibited better proliferation and differentiation than cells on apatite-coated coacervate-precipitated microspheres. The in vivo results showed that no bone was observed in ectopic areas. While in calvarial defects, both histological slices and Micro-CT images demonstrated that a substantial amount of new bone was formed in the EM1/BMSCs construct. These data suggest that preparation methods do exert great influence on the in vitro cell behaviors and in vivo orthotopic bone regeneration of apatite-coated chitosan microspheres. Appropriate method should be considered when preparing chitosan microspheres for bone tissue engineering scaffold.