Rapid cytotoxicity of human B lymphocytes induced by VH4-34 (VH4.21) gene-encoded monoclonal antibodies

We have previously described two human cold agglutinin MoAbs 216 and A6(H4C5), that are derived from the VH4-34 (VH4.21) gene that bind specifically to a cell surface ligand on human B lymphocytes. In this study, we report that binding of 216 and A6(H4C5) leads to rapid killing of target B cells. This complement-independent cytotoxicity was measured by three independent assays, cell viability dye uptake on FACS, ³H-thymidine uptake, and the 3(4,5)-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cytotoxicity was specific for CD20⁺ mononuclear cells in human spleen and peripheral blood. The MoAbs were also cytotoxic to human B cell lines Nalm-6, OCI-LY8, Arent and SUP-B8, but not to T cell lines HuT 78 and PEER. As observed by scanning electron microscopy, membrane pores were formed within 15 min of exposure to the MoAbs. Cytotoxic activity was dependent on MoAb concentration and temperature of exposure. Killing was greater at 4°C than 37°C. Sodium azide and EDTA did not block the cytotoxic activity. No DNA fragmentation typical of apoptosis was observed. This rapid cytotoxic activity, independent of physiologic cellular processes and independent of complement, suggests a novel mechanism of cell death via membrane perturbations.