The relationship between smoking and age at the menopause: A systematic review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Women''s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;2. Peppy Health, Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK;3. Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;4. Clinica Silvia Bretz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology I, Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dr. I. Cantacuzino" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania;6. İstanbul Medipol International School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey;7. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland;8. Institute for Women''s Health, Zagreb, Croatia;9. Menopause and Osteoporosis Unit, San Rossore Clinical Center, Pisa, Italy;10. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente (Hospital Group Twente), Post box 7600, 7600 SZ Almelo, the Netherlands;11. Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece;12. School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK;13. Department Gynaecology, King''s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK;14. Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4AT, UK;15. Menopause Health Clinic, Dublin, Ireland;p. Department of Women''s and Children''s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;q. School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedic Practice, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QG, UK;r. Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;s. Bond University Nutrition & Dietetics Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia;t. Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland;u. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Granada, Spain;v. Department of Women''s Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany;w. Beijing OB/GYN Hospital, Capital Medical University, China;x. Lemur Health Ltd, Wilmslow, UK;y. Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;z. Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia;11. Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, National Medical Research Centre for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia;22. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinic Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland;33. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital St. Poelten-Lilienfeld, Austria;44. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;55. Menopause Café Charity, c/o Rowan Consultancy, 4 Kinnoull Street, Perth, PH1 5EN, UK;66. Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece |
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| Abstract: | Context and objectiveIncreasing life expectancy has made it ever more important to study the factors that influence the age at the menopause, given that when it is reached outside of the normal range, it is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Among the factors studied in relation to early menopause, smoking is prominent. Destruction of the ovarian follicles is one of the mechanisms postulated for this effect. The aim of this study was to review and describe the associations between age at the menopause and the habit of smoking, its duration and its intensity.MethodA systematic review of the literature indexed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases was conducted, without restriction on publication date. After initially identifying 1325 articles and preselecting 161 articles for consideration of their complete texts, 96 articles reporting on the results from 109 studies were selected for analysis.ResultsA great majority of the studies reported an association between the habit of smoking and early menopause, but there was no clear evidence that the duration of smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked had any association with age at the natural menopause.ConclusionAdditional studies are needed, preferably of prospective nature and with a large number of women, in order to deepen the knowledge of the effects of various aspects of smoking on age at the menopause. Experimental studies on animals may also contribute towards clarifying the physiopathological mechanisms through which smoking influences age at the menopause. |
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