Parkinson's disease, smoking and family history |
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Authors: | Alexis Elbaz José Maria Manubens-Bertran Marzia Baldereschi Monique MB Breteler Francesco Grigoletto Secundino Lopez-Pousa Jean-François Dartigues Annik Alpérovitch Walter A Rocca Christophe Tzourio |
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Institution: | INSERM U 360, Recherches Epidémiologiques en Neurologie et Psychopathologie, H pital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France. elbaz@ccr.jussieu.fr |
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Abstract: | There is growing evidence that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease
(PD). The hypothesis of an interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors has been little explored, and never
using a population-based case-control study design. Our objective was to investigate the possible interaction between smoking
and family history in the etiology of PD, as a part of a collaborative population-based case-control study. We included 149
nondemented PD patients ascertained in three European prevalence surveys using a two-phase design. Each patient was matched
by age (±2 years), gender, and center to three controls drawn from the same populations (n=375). Presence of PD among first-degree relatives and smoking history were assessed through an interview for 127 cased and
306 controls. In the overall sample we found suggestive evidence that family history and eversmoking interact in determining
the risk of PD (P=0.09), with individuals exposed to both risk factors having the highest risk (OR=10.0; 95% CI=2.0–49.6). Analyses were repeated
after stratification into two age-groups (cutoff: 75 years). In older patients, the joint exposure to both risk factors was
associated with a significant increase in the risk of PD (OR=17.6; 95% CI=1.9–160.5). Among younger subjects, the OR for joint
exposure was not significant. In conclusion, our findings suggest that smoking and family history interact synergistically
on a multiplicative scale in determining the risk of PD in individuals older than 75 years.
Received: 28 January 2000 / Received in revised form: 1 May 2000 / Accepted: 28 May 2000 |
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Keywords: | Parkinson's disease Family history Smoking Interaction Case-control |
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