The startle response: Developmental effects and a paradigm for children and adults |
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| Authors: | Karina Quevedo Tiffany Smith Bonny Donzella Emily Schunk Megan Gunnar |
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| Institution: | 1. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 3811 Ohara Street, Loeffler Building Office, 203, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;2. Institute of Child Development University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN;3. New York University, New York, NY |
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| Abstract: | A film paradigm was developed to examine baseline and emotion modulated startle across a broad age range from preschool to adulthood. The paradigm was tested in children (3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐olds) and adults (total N = 122). The paradigm elicited a similar startle potentiation pattern across age groups; however, baseline startle changed with age: 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds showed lower response probability and magnitude of baseline startle than adults. Females exhibited larger baseline startle response probability and overall magnitude than did males; however, no sex by emotion modulated startle interaction was noted. Anxiety measures were obtained for all children. Individual differences in anxiety were associated with baseline startle magnitude among older but not younger children. No association of anxiety with startle potentiation was noted. Overall the film paradigm was applicable across a wide developmental span, revealing potential developmental and gender differences in baseline startle magnitude and response probability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 78–89, 2010 |
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| Keywords: | emotion modulated and baseline startle typically developing children gender differences anxiety new experimental paradigm |
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