Brady Cardie-Dependent Early Afterdepolarizations in a Patient with QTU Prolongation and Torsade de Pointes in Association with Marked Bradycardia and Hypokalemia

Endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded at the right ventricular apex in a patient with QTU prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in association with marked bradycardia and hypokalemia. There was a distinct hump on phase 3 repolarization of the MAPs characteristic of early afterdepolarizations (EADs), which was associated with marked prolongation of the QTU interval on the surface electrocardiogram. EAD amplitude was bradycardia dependent, and there was a strong correlation (r = 0.91) between the preceding RR interval and the amplitude of the EAD (percent of MAP amplitude). Intravenous administration of lidocaine or right ventricular pacing suppressed the ventricular premature complexes and TdP in association with the suppression of the EADs on the MAPs. Furthermore, these EADs were not recorded on the MAPs 1 month later when the QTU prolongation and TdP had disappeared. These findings suggest that the TU abnormality and QTU prolongation responsible for TdP were due to bradycardia-dependent EADs.