Expression and characterization of membrane co-factor protein (MCP) in human skin

Membrane co-factor protein (MCP; CD46) is an integral membrane protein with molecular weight (MW) of the two species of 63 kD and 55 kD, and regulates autologous complement activation, with the activity of factor I cofactor. The quantity of each species is genetically regulated, and two codominantly inherited allelic variants account for the three phenotypic patterns. By immunohistochemical study, MCP was found both in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis and on the endothelial cells in the dermis of normal human skin in vivo. The intensity of the staining pattern was higher in the basal layer than in the granular layer. By Western blot analysis with use of a monoclonal antibody, MCP in the epidermis appeared as several bands ranged from 60-50 kD, with a major band of 56 kD, which was different from those in either polymorphonuclear cells, platelets, and cultured keratinocytes. No other variants were found in the epidermis obtained from skin of 20 normal humans. Complement activation in human skin may be regulated at several steps, including DAF and HRF20, thereby protecting cells from autologous complement attack.