Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7‐year follow‐up study |
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| Authors: | M. Vanhala J. Jokelainen S. Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi E. Kumpusalo H. Koponen |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Unit of Family Practice, Central Hospital of Middle Finland, Jyv?skyl?, Finland;2. Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, and Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland;3. Oulu Health Center, City of Oulu, Finland;4. School of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Family Medicine, University of Kuopio, and Unit of Family Practice, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;5. Academy of Finland, Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University, and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Objective: To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms. Method: The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a 7‐year follow‐up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle‐aged population‐based sample (n = 1294). Results: The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5‐fold risk (95% CI: 1.2–5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI ≥10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow‐up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09–22.20). In men, there was no risk difference. Conclusion: The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS. |
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| Keywords: | Beck depression inventory cholesterol depression metabolic syndrome triglycerides |
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