使用无铅汽油后城乡儿童铅暴露的比较

目的]了解汽油无铅化后，儿童体内血铅水平和智商的变化及汽车尾气对其呼吸道症状发生率的影响。方法]选择市区Y小151名小学生为接触组，浦东Z小学160名小学生为对照组，进行健康问卷调查及体格检查，取无名指末梢血测定血铅浓度，采用瑞文测试法制定智商，以EPI Info和SAS软件进行统计分析。结果]接触组与对照组的体内血铅水平差异有显著性。血铅浓度（x)与儿童智商（y)水平有良好的负相关（y=120.11-0.129x)。接触组咽部疼痛和不适、异物感、咳嗽等症状的发生率较对照组有明显的升高，OR值分别为1．71，2．64及2．92。多元线性回归表明接触汽车尾气和家庭居住位置是儿童血铅水平及呼吸道症状发生率主要影响因素。结论]进一步控制汽车尾气的排放，合理规划住宅位置是控制儿童铅中毒及疾病发生的重要措施。

Comparative Study on Lead Exposure Among Children in Urban and Rural Area After Application of Lead-free Gaso-line

Objective]To understand the changes of children's blood lead levels and intelligence quotient (IQ) andthe effects of automobile exhaust on the prevelance rates of respiratory symptoms of children. Methods] 151 pupilsof Y primary school in urban area were selected as exposure group, 160 pupils of Z primary school in Pudong districtwere selected as control group. The health questionaire survey and health examination were carried out amongpupils. The peripheral blood lead levels of the forth finger were determined. The IQ was determined by combinedRaven's Test. The data were statistically analzed by EPI Info and SAS statistic softwares. Results] Significant differ-ences of blood lead levels were observed between exposure group and control group. The blood lead levels (x) negatively correlated with children's IQ (y) (y= 120. 11--0. 129x) . The prevelance rates of sore and uncomfortable feelings and foreign body sensation in throat and cough of exposure group were significantly higher than those in controlgroup. The ORs of corresponding symptoms were 1.71, 2, 64 and 2. 92 respectively. The multiple linear regressionanalysis showed that exposure to automobile exhaust and the distances from the residential region to street with heavytraffic were the main factors affecting the children's peripheral blood lead levels and the prevelance of respiratorysymptoms. Conclusion] Further control of the emission of automobile exhaust and reasonable planning of location ofresidential areas were the main measures to control the prevelance of lead poisoning and its related diseases of children.