高龄老年人发生持续急性肾损伤危险因素及临床特点分析

目的了解短暂急性肾损伤(AKI)与持续AKI发生率；比较两组AKI患者的临床特征，分析老年人发生持续AKI相关危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2018年12月就诊于解放军总医院国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心≥75岁住院患者的病例资料744例。根据发生AKI后48 h时血肌酐(Scr)恢复情况将患者分为短暂AKI与持续AKI进行分析。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。多因素Logistic回归分析老年人发生持续AKI的相关危险因素。 结果744例老年AKI患者中，男性701例，占94.2%，中位年龄88 (84～91)岁。8.3%的患者为短暂AKI (62/744)，91.7%的患者为持续AKI (682/744)。两组患者比较，持续AKI患者较短暂AKI患者的高血压病史比例高(72.4%与83.9%, P＝0.041) ，90 d病死率高(37.4%与8.1%, P<0.001)、AKI 3期所占比例高(33.1%与8.1%, P<0.001)，确诊时Scr (130.0与116.1 μmol/L, P<0.001)、Scr峰值(147.6与117.9 μmol/L, P<0.001)、血尿素氮(13.1与9.3 mmol/L, P<0.001)、尿酸(368.1与338.3 μmol/L, P＝0.006)、血钠(141与138 mmol/L, P<0.001)水平高。持续AKI患者伴有机械通气(42.5%与12.9%, P<0.001)、低蛋白血症(34.1±5.6与36.1±5.3 g/L, P＝0.006)、贫血(111±22与119±20 g/L, P＝0.009)等情况明显增多。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：Scr峰值(OR＝1.011; 95%CI: 1.004～1.019; P＝0.002)、血钠高(OR＝1.055; 95% CI: 1.015～1.097; P＝0.007)、机械通气(OR＝2.912; 95%CI: 1.334～6.357; P＝0.007)是高龄老年患者发生持续AKI的独立危险因素。 结论高龄老年患者持续AKI的发生率高达92%，早期诊断和治疗危险因素可减少肾脏的持续损伤。

Analysis of risk factors and clinical characteristics of elderly patients with persistent acute kidney injury

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of transient acute kidney injury (AKI) and persistent AKI, the clinical characteristics of AKI patients, and the risk factors associated with persistent AKI in the elderly. MethodsA retrospective analysis of 744 cases of ≥75-year-old inpatients who attended the National Geriatrics Clinical Research Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2007 to December 2018. According to the recovery of serum creatinine (Scr) at 48 hours after AKI, the patients were divided into transient AKI group and persistent AKI group. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Multivariate logistic regression method was used to analyze the risk factors related to persistent AKI in the elderly. ResultsAmong the 744 cases of elderly patients with AKI, 701 cases were male (94.2%) with a median of 88 years (84-91). 8.3% of the patients suffered from transient AKI (62/744) and 91.7% of the patients persistent AKI (682/744). Compared with the transient group, the persistent AKI group showed a higher proportion of patients with a hypertension history (72.4% vs 83.9%, P=0.041), a higher 90-day mortality rate (37.4% vs 8.1%, P<0.001). a higher proportion of patients with AKI stage 3 (33.1% vs 8.1%, P<0.001), and higher levels of Scr (130.0 vs 116.1 μmol/L, P<0.001), peak Scr (147.6 vs 117.9 μmol/L, P<0.001), BUN (13.1 vs 9.3 mmol/L, P<0.001), serum uric acid (368.1 vs 338.3 μmol/L, P=0.006), and serum sodium (141 vs 138 mmol/L, P<0.001) on diagnosis of AKI. Compared with the transient group, the persistent AKI group also had more patients with mechanical ventilation (42.5% vs 12.9%, P<0.001), hypoalbuminemia (34.1±5.6 and 36.1±5.3 g/L, P=0.006), and anemia (111±22 vs 119±20 g/L, P=0.009). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the peak Scr (OR=1.011, 95%CI: 1.004-1.019, P=0.002), increased serum sodium (OR=1.055, 95%CI: 1.015-1.097, P=0.007), and mechanical ventilation (OR=2.912, 95%CI: 1.334-6.357, P=0.007) were independent risk factors for the development of persistent AKI in the elderly patients. ConclusionThe incidence of persistent AKI in the elderly patients was as high as 92%, and early diagnosis and treatment of risk factors could reduce persistent kidney damage.