Defining the upper extremity range of motion for safe automobile driving |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;2. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;3. The Avenue Hospital, 40 The Avenue, Windsor, VIC 3181, Australia;4. Laboratory of Motion Generation and Analysis, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;5. Federation University, University Dr, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia;1. Department of General and Trauma Surgery, University Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;3. Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States;2. Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, United States;3. Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, United States;4. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThere are no guidelines for return to driving following upper extremity injury. A greater comprehension of the role of the upper extremity in driving is required to assist clinicians in their fitness-to-drive assessments. This research aims to assist clinicians by analyzing the motion at the upper extremity in safe automobile driving.MethodsThirty-six participants were recruited to the Monash University Accident Research Centre's driving simulator. They were tested in a realistic driving simulation using highway scenarios and traffic hazards. An OptiTrack™ motion tracking system recorded participants' upper limb movements.FindingsThe following ranges of motion were recorded (left and right arm mean whole numbers): The shoulder flexed from 14 to 54°, abducted to 18°and adducted to 9°. Shoulder rotation ranged from 6° external to 32° internal rotation. Elbow flexion ranged from 35° to 72°. Pronation reached 77° and supination to 24°. Wrist flexion reached 34° and extension reached 23°. The wrist deviated to 17°radially and 38° ulnar. To avoid simulated hazards, the steering wheel revolved 57.2° (SD 19.2). The key movements in hazard avoidance are shoulder flexion, shoulder rotation, forearm rotation and wrist deviation.InterpretationShoulder flexion, internal rotation and forearm rotation have been shown to be key upper extremity movements in safe driving. Clinicians can refer to the ranges of motion recorded in this investigation, or the driving task at hand in their fitness-to-drive assessments. The ability to revolve the steering wheel 100° exceeds the 95th percentile of the steering wheel revolution angle required to avoid simulated traffic hazards. |
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