Smoking in vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Authors: | Jean C. Beckham Allison A. Roodman Robert H. Shipley Michael A. Hertzberg Garry H. Cunha Harold S. Kudler Edward D. Levin Jed E. Rose John A. Fairbank |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, 27705 Durham, North Carolina;(2) Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 27705 Durham, North Carolina;(3) Center for Social Research and Policy Analysis, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina |
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Abstract: | The present study investigated smoking prevalence, smoking motives, demographic variables and psychological symptoms in 124 help-seeking, male Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A high percentage of these veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A high percentage of these veterans smoked (60%). Vietnam veterans with PTSD who smoked were more likely than those who did not smoke to report higher levels of PTSD symptoms, depression and trait anxiety. Increased depression was associated with increased automatic smoking. Smokers reported a high frequency of smoking in response to military memories. Implications for smoking interventions, cessation, and relapse prevention efforts are discussed. |
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Keywords: | combat-related PTSD smoking smoking motives depression |
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