肾移植术后结核病的临床特征分析及诊断和治疗的单中心经验

目的 分析和总结肾移植术后结核病的临床特征及诊断和治疗的经验.方法 2842例肾移植受者中,术后有61例诊断为结核病,回顾性分析这61例患者的临床资料.结果 肾移植术后结核病的临床特点如下:(1)发病时间为术后1～156个月,发生率达2.1％(61/2842),术后1年内结核病发生率为54.1％(33/61)；(2)结核病灶最常见的部位为肺部(77.0％,47/61),肺外结核的发病率高(60.7％,37/61),其中淋巴结结核14例(23.0％)、结核性胸膜炎8例(13.1％)、移植肾结核7例(11.5％)；(3)术后结核病的临床表现主要为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、消瘦及淋巴结肿大;(4)结核菌素试验阴性率高(91.8％,56/61),影像学检查在结核病的诊断上具有重要意义；(5)结核病患者均采用“个体化”抗结核治疗方案,包括活动性结核感染的治疗及诊断性抗结核治疗两种方案.肝功能损害(16.4％)、肾功能损害(39.3％)及周围神经毒性(3.3％)是抗结核治疗过程中出现的主要不良反应,也是抗结核治疗失败的主要原因;(6)术前存在陈旧性结核,术后结核病复发的可能性增加(23.5％,4/17)；(7)术后结核病患者常伴有细胞免疫功能减弱,常继发细菌、病毒及真菌的重叠感染(19.7％)；(8)结核病患者术后1年人、肾存活率分别为85.2％和8.7％,3年人、肾存活率分别为85.2％和75.4％,总体累积死亡率达14.8 ％(9/61),重叠感染是肾移植术后结核病患者死亡的主要原因(66.7％,6/9).结论 我国肾移植受者术后并发结核病的风险较大,且容易合并各种严重并发症致患者死亡,早期诊断和治疗对提高患者的长期存活率具有重要意义.

Single center experiences: characteristics of tuberculosis in iost-renal-transplant recipients during 20 years

Objective To analyze the characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) in renal-transplant recipients from our hospital, and summarize the corresponding experiences in diagnosis and management.Methods A retrospective study was performed on 61 documented post-transplant TB cases out of the 2842 patients who received kidney transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between Jan.1991 and Dec.2010.Results TB in the post-renal-transplant population in our hospital displayed the following characteristics:(1) High incidence (2.1％ ).54.1％ recipients were diagnosed within the first year post-transplant; (2) Lung was the most common site (77.0 ％).There was high prevalence (60.7 ％) of extra-pulmonary TB (lymphatic TB,23.0 ％; pleuritis,13.1 ％; graft,11.5％); (3) Fever (83.6 ％),cough (55.7 ％),sputum (41.0 ％) were the most common clinical manifestations.There were also emaciation (3.3 ％) and enlargement of lymph nodes (18.0 ％); (4) Chest X-ray and CT were of great value during TB diagnosis while purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) skin test had little diagnostic value with a negative result in 56 cases (91.8 ％) ; (5) Liver function damage ( 16.4 ％),kidney function injury (39.3 ％) and peripheral nerve toxicity (3.3 ％) were the main adverse reactions of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy,also the major cause of anti-TB failure; (6) Pre-transplant TB (17 cases) increased the probability of TB recurrence (4 cases,23.5 ％) post-transplantation; (7) The post-transplant TB patients were accompanied with cellular immune deficiency,resulting in overlapping infection of bacteria,viruses and fungi (19.7 ％); (8) 1- and 3-year patient/graft survival rate of patients with post-transplant TB was 85.2 ％/78.7 ％ and 85.2 ％/75.4 ％ respectively. The accumulative mortality rate reached to 14.8％,while overlapping infection was the major cause of death (66.7 ％).Conclusion Chinese renal transplant recipients still face a high risk of TB because of their immunecompromised state and epidemiological prevalence of the disease. For the high mortality rate and associated serious complications,rapid diagnosis and effective anti-TB chemotherapy are of great value for TB population.