精神分裂症病人及家属受歧视状况

目的：了解精神分裂症病人及其家属受歧视状况，探讨歧视对精神分裂症病人及其家属的影响。方法：应用自编问卷在北京地区对精神分裂症病人(N=225)、精神分裂症病人家属(N=230)、社区居民(N=257)和精神科医护人员(N=283)进行调查。结果：42％的病人报告他们受到了单位不公正对待，受到同事或同学歧视，被邻居看不起，并导致恋爱或婚姻失败。56%的家属报告为避免歧视把病人患精神病的事对外保密。全部4组受试中85％以上的人相信歧视会降低病人的自信心，75％以上的人相信歧视给家属造成很大的心理压力，70％以上的人相信歧视严重影响病人的生活，60％以上的人相信歧视使病人的家庭成员减少了他们应有的社交活动。与其他三组人群比较，精神科医护人员更同意精神病人及其家属受歧视是常见的现象，更相信歧视会给他们的生活带来严重影响。与病人和家属比较，对歧视现象的存在社区居民的认同较低，但他们同样认为歧视对病人和家属有消极影响。结论：精神分裂症病人遭遇到的歧视突出地表现在与个人基本社会生活密切有关的工作、婚姻和人际交往三个方面。社会歧视对病人及其家属的心理和社会生活产生了严重影响。

Experience of Stigma among Patients with Schizophrenia and Their Family Members and Attitudes of Different Groups about this Stigma

Objective: To understand the characteristics of stigma experienced by patients with schizophrenia and their family members, and discussed the effects of stigma on them. Methods: By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, we developed a questionnaire which had good reliability and validity. 225 patients with schizophrenia, 230 family members of persons with schizophrenia, 257 community members and 283 psychiatric doctors and nurses completed the questionnaire. Results: 42% patients reported that they were ill-treated by their work units, discriminated by colleagues or classmates, looked down by neighbors, and resulted in failure of love affair or marriage. 56% family members of the patients, reported that they kept the patients' schizophrenia as a secret in fear of stigma. Of all the four groups of respondents, 85% believed that stigma could reduce the patients' self-confidence, 75% believed that stigma could put much pressure on their family members. More than 70% believed that stigma could badly influence the patients' life. More than 60% thought that the relative's reduced their normal social activities. Compared with the other three groups, mental health workers more firmly believed that the stigma on schizophrenics and their family members were very common, and could greatly harm their life. Not like the patients and their family members, most community members denied the existence of serious stigma on the mentally ill, but they agreed that stigma had negative effects on patients and their family members. Conclusion: The stigma on schizophrenia was mainly in three aspects that were closed related with their daily social activities: job, marriage and basic social interaction. Stigma badly influenced the psychic and social life of patients and their family members.