Can vitamin D deficiency cause diabetes and cardiovascular diseases? Present evidence and future perspectives |
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| Authors: | G Muscogiuri GP Sorice R Ajjan T Mezza S Pilz A Prioletta R Scragg SL Volpe MD Witham A Giaccari |
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| Institution: | 1. Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia;2. Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of “La Manouba”, Tunis, Tunisia;3. University Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, F-35000 Rennes, France;4. Endocrine Section, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States;5. Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran;6. University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon;1. Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil;2. Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil;3. Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil;4. Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil;5. João Pessoa City Hall, Paraíba, Brazil;1. Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery and Disease;2. Department of Internal Medicine;3. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;4. Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia. |
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| Abstract: | Several studies have shown that vitamin D may play a role in many biochemical mechanisms in addition to bone and calcium metabolism. Recently, vitamin D has sparked widespread interest because of its involvement in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with obesity, related to trapping in adipose tissue due to its lipophilic structure. In addition, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this may be due to the relationship between low vitamin D levels and obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. However, although vitamin D has been identified as a potentially important marker of CVD, the mechanisms through which it might modulate cardiovascular risk are not fully understood. Given this background, in this work we summarise clinical retrospective and prospective observational studies linking vitamin D levels with cardio-metabolic risk factors and vascular outcome. Moreover, we review various randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of vitamin D supplementation on surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk. Considering the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among patients with high cardiovascular risk, vitamin D replacement therapy in this population may be warranted; however, further RCTs are urgently needed to establish when to begin vitamin D therapy, as well as to determine the dose and route and duration of administration. |
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