Effects of calcium channel blocking agents on calcium and centrilobular necrosis in the liver of rats treated with hepatotoxic agents

Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dimethylnitrosamine, thioacetamide or acetaminophen was each administered to rats in a single hepatotoxic dose. Nifedipine, verapamil or chlorpromazine was administered in association with the hepatotoxic agents to determine if calcium channel blocking agents would prevent an increase in liver cell calcium associated with hepatotoxicity and to determine if these agents would protect against the development of centrilobular necrosis. Following a latent period different for each toxic agent, a 4- to 18-fold increase in liver cell calcium content had occurred by 24 hr. The calcium increase and the centrilobular necrosis (mean histologic score) were correlated. A relatively high calcium to necrosis ratio was obtained with dimethylnitrosamine, thioacetamide and acetaminophen. A lesser calcium to necrosis ratio was obtained with chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, the two toxic agents that destroyed the intracellular calcium sequestration activity of the liver endoplasmic reticulum. Nifedipine or chlorpromazine, administered prior to and 7 hr after the toxic agent, completely prevented the centrilobular necrosis caused by thioacetamide, carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen; almost completely prevented necrosis with dimethylnitrosamine; and provided partial protection against chloroform toxicity. Two doses of verapamil provided partial protection against necrosis when carbon tetrachloride was the toxic agent and provided almost complete protection with dimethylnitrosamine. A reduction in liver cell calcium was associated with the protective action of the three calcium channel blocking agents. These findings are compared with earlier studies of the protective effects of calcium channel blocking agents in cardiac ischemia.