105例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术分析

目的探讨儿童心脏瓣膜病的病因、手术指征、瓣膜选择和术后抗凝等问题。方法回顾性分析1984年5月至2004年5月间105例接受瓣膜置换术的儿童患者临床相关资料。患者年龄1.5～16(13±3)岁;其中先天性心脏瓣膜病43例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病55例,感染性心内膜炎7例;二尖瓣置换58例,主动脉瓣置换28例,三尖瓣置换5例,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换13例,二尖瓣和三尖瓣双瓣置换1例,三尖瓣成形26例;术前心功能Ⅱ级36例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级69例。所有患者均采用人工机械瓣膜,置换术后患者均长期口服小剂量华法令抗凝。结果早期死亡5例(4.8%),主要为术后严重低心排血量综合征。随访6个月～20年,平均(10±4)年,随访91例,失访9例。晚期死亡4例,2例死于感染性心内膜炎,1例死于顽固性心衰,1例死于严重心律失常。随访到的87例存活者恢复良好,未发现有与抗凝相关的严重并发症,瓣膜功能良好,心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果良好,术中应尽可能采用较大型号的瓣膜,手术同期纠正合并畸形、术后低强度抗凝是安全可靠的。

Prosthetic valve replacement in pediatric patients: analysis of 105 cases

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience in prosthetic valve replacement in pediatric patients. METHODS: The clinical data of consecutive 105 children, 63 male and 42 female, aged 13 +/- 3 (1.5-16), with the underlying diseases of rheumatic heart disease (n = 55), congenital heart diseases (n = 43), and infective endocarditis (n = 5), with the preoperative cardiac function of class II (n = 36), or class III or IV (n = 69), who underwent prosthetic valve replacement, including replacement of mitral valve (n = 58), aortic valve (n = 28), tricuspid valve (n = 5), mitral and aortic valves (n = 13), and mitral and tricuspid valves (n = 1), and tricuspid valvuloplasty (n = 26), from May 1984 to May 2004, were respectively analyzed. Mechanical valves were used and took low dose anticoagulant warfarin was administrated to all cases. Postoperatively prothrombin time (PT) and international normal ratio (INR) were observed. Follow-up lasting 10 +/- 4 years (6 months to 20 years) was performed among 100 discharged patients with a follow-up rate of 91.0%. RESULTS: There were 5 early deaths (4.8%), mostly owing to serious low cardiac output syndrome, and 4 late deaths owing to endocarditis (n = 2), heart failure (n = 1), and serious arrhythmia (n = 1). The 87 surviving patients showed their cardiac function of class I-III. No serious complications related to anticoagulation and prosthesis dysfunction had been found. CONCLUSION: Prosthetic valve replacement with mechanical valve can be performed in pediatric patients with good outcome. Larger type of mechanical valve should be used as possible. Additional surgical procedures may be required to correct the concomitant malformations during the operation. Postoperative long-term low dose anticoagulant treatment is safe.