先天性呼吸系统畸形234例临床分析

目的 探讨先天性呼吸系统畸形的类型和临床特点,提高对该类疾病的早期诊断率.方法 对温州医学院附属育英儿童医院呼吸科2003年7月至2008年6月收治的234例先天性呼吸系统畸形的类型、临床和影像学资料等进行总结分析.结果 234例先天性呼吸系统畸形患儿诊断时年龄1 d～14岁,平均1.12岁,主要症状为持续喉喘鸣、反复喘息、反复呼吸道感染、呼吸困难等.通过胸片、螺旋CT三维重建、纤维支气管镜和喉镜等检查,确诊复合畸形21例,单发畸形213例.单发畸形213例中,喉部畸形(97例)包括先天性喉软骨软化症90例,先天性喉蹼5例,先天性喉囊肿2例;气管支气管畸形(35例)包括先天性(支)气管狭窄17例,先天性支气管起源异常7例,气管支气管软化10例,气管食管瘘1例;肺部畸形(43例)包括肺隔离症5例,先天性肺囊肿22例,先天性大叶性肺气肿1例,肺不发育和发育不全8例,先天性肺囊性腺瘤样畸形7例;膈肌畸形(38例)包括先天性膈疝20例,先天性膈肌膨出症18例.经手术确诊的37例肺部畸形和36例膈肌畸形中,术前经临床和影像学做出初步诊断分别占83.78%和91.67%.28例先天性(支)气管狭窄(含复合畸形11例)经螺旋CT三维蕈建联合纤维支气管镜检查确诊;10例先天性支气管起源异常(含复合畸形3例)经螺旋CT三维重建诊断.喉软化和(支)气管软化的诊断依靠喉镜和纤维支气管镜检查.结论 对于持续喉喘鸣、反复喘息、反复呼吸道感染、呼吸困难的患儿应考虑到先天性呼吸系统畸形的诊断,其类型分为喉部畸形、气管支气管畸形、肺部畸形和膈肌畸形.影像学检查和呼吸内镜对先天性呼吸系统畸形的诊断有着十分重要的作用.

Clinical analysis of 234 cases with congenital malformations of respiratory system

Objective To explore clinical characteristics, radiographic findings and diagnostic methods of patients with congenital malformations of respiratory system for enhancing the diagnosis of congenital malformations of respiratory system in children. Method Totally 234 patients with congenital malformations of respiratory system were chosen from the inpatient department of Yuying Children's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical College from July 2003 to June 2008. The clinical pesentations and radiographic findings of these children were analyzed. Result Of the 234 patients with congenital malformations of respiratory system, the age at diagnosis was between the first day and 14 years of age, mean age was 1.12 years. The main symptoms were persistent laryngeal stridor, recurrent wheezing, recurrent respiratory tract infections and dyspnea- Through the use of chest X-ray, spiral CT 3D reconstructions, fiberoptic bronchnscopy and other laboratory techniques, 213 cases were diagnosed as having single malformation and 21 cases were found to have multiple malformations. Of the 213 cases with single malformation, 97 cases had laryngeal malformation (congenital laryngeal stridor in 90 cases, congenital laryngeal webs in 5 cases and congenital laryngeal cyst in 2 cases ), 35 cases had tracheal-bronchial malformation (congenital tracheobronehial stenosis in 17 cases, congenital abnormal bronchial origin in 7 cases, tracheobronchomalacia in 10 cases and tracheoesophageal fistula in 1 case), 43 cases had lung malformation (pulmonary sequestration in 5 cases, congenital lung cysts in 22 cases, congenital lobar emphysema in 1 case, genesis of lung and hypoplasia of lung in 8 cases and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in 7 cases), 38 cases had diaphragm malformation, 28 cases had congenital tracheal-bronchial stenosis as confirmed by spiral CT 3D reconstructions and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Ten cases with congenital abnormal bronchial origin were diagnosed with spiral CT 3D reconstructions. Laryngeal stridor and tracheobronchomalacia were diagnosed by fiberoptic laryngoscope and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The accuracy rates of preoperative diagnosis through clinical and radiographic examinations of 37 cases with lung malformation and 36 cases with diaphragm malformation were 83.78% and 91.67%. Conclusion Congenital malformations of respiratory system are a group of diseases that are important for pediatric respiratory clinicians. Congenital malformations of respiratory system should be considered in children with persistent laryngeal stridor, recurrent wheezing, recurrent respiratory tract infections and dyspnea. The radiographic examination and respiratory endoscope play important roles in the diagnosis of congenital malformations of respiratory system.