Role of reactive oxygen species, glutathione and NF-kappaB in apoptosis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy") on hepatic stellate cells |
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Authors: | Montiel-Duarte Cristina Ansorena Eduardo López-Zabalza Maria Jesús Cenarruzabeitia Edurne Iraburu María J |
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Affiliation: | Department of Biochemistry, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain. |
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Abstract: | "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA), is a derivative of amphetamine with hepatotoxic effects that has been shown to induce apoptosis of cultured liver cells. In the present work, we studied the role played by oxidative stress in the apoptotic response caused by MDMA on a cell line of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). MDMA-treatment provoked oxidative stress determined as reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and decrease of intracellular reduced glutathione levels. Pre-treatment with the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate blocked ROS production but did not prevent MDMA-induced apoptosis of HSC. The pro-oxidant menadione induced in HSC ROS production and apoptosis that were prevented by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, showing HSC to be susceptible to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Addition of exogenous GSH or its precursor NAC potentiated the apoptotic action of MDMA but blocked apoptosis induced by menadione. Pre-treatment of HSC with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor quinine diminished the extent of apoptosis caused by MDMA, suggesting the involvement of a metabolic derivative of MDMA on its apoptotic effect. Nuclear factor NF-kappaB was activated by MDMA in a oxidative stress independent fashion and played a protective role in the apoptotic response, since inhibition of NF-kappaB by treatment with parthenolide or by viral infection with a dominant-negative form of NIK (Ad5dnNIK) resulted in an increase of MDMA-induced cell death. In summary, MDMA-induced apoptosis of HSC is accompanied, but not caused by oxidative stress; a metabolic derivative of the drug is responsible for the apoptotic effect of MDMA, which is partially blocked by NF-kappaB activation. |
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Keywords: | MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine GSH, glutathione HSC, hepatic stellate cells PDTC, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate NAC, N-acetylcysteine MEM, minimum essential medium FBS, fetal bovine serum BSO, buthionine sulfoximine CM-H2DCFDA, 5-6-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate ROS, reactive oxygen species NIK, NF-κB-inducing kinase DHMA, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine |
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