Association of physical activity and bone: influence of vitamin D receptor genotype.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction between leisure physical activity and a BsmI polymorphism at the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene on the modulation of bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: We studied 575 unrelated healthy postmenopausal women. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and results were expressed as age-and-weight-adjusted (Z-score). VDR BsmI genotype was determined by polymerase reaction chain on peripheral blood leukocytes. RESULTS: Overall, no significant association was found between the level of leisure physical activity or VDR genotypes and adjusted BMD at both bone sites. However, in active women, there was a trend for an association between VDR genotypes and adjusted BMD at the lumbar spine. Active women, who exercised three times or more a week, carrying the "bb" genotype had a lower BMD at the lumbar spine than active women carrying "BB" genotype (ANOVA; P = 0.04). No significant difference in crude or adjusted BMD at both bone sites was found between VDR genotypes in sedentary or moderately active women. Furthermore, classification of women according to the median-age of the sample (63.1 yr) revealed a significant interaction between the level of leisure physical activity and VDR genotype on adjusted lumbar spine BMD in the older active postmenopausal women (N = 137). Older active women carrying the "bb" genotype showed a lower adjusted BMD at the lumbar spine compared with active women carrying the "BB" genotype (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: These results suggested that gene-environment interactions such as leisure physical activity and VDR genotype may play a role in maintaining the BMD at the lumbar spine in active postmenopausal women, especially in older active women.