| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia;2. Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Box Hill 3128, Australia;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany;2. Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Individual Monitoring Service, Munich, Germany;3. Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland;1. Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, 3480 Wake Forest Rd, Raleigh, NC 27609, USA;2. Michigan Opioid Prescribing Engagement Network (M-OPEN), 2800 Plymouth Rd, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Bldg 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;3. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048, USA;4. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5048, USA;5. Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Medical Group, 2799 West Grand Blvd, K-11, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;6. Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;7. Michigan Spine Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MSSIC), 1 Ford Place, 3A, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 14 Siksadong, Ilsandonggu Goyangsi, Gyeonggidoo, 411-773, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, 156, Baengnyeong-ro Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen/Heerlen, the Netherlands;2. Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands;3. CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands;4. Centre for economic evaluation, Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands;5. Department of Neurosurgery, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen/Heerlen, the Netherlands |
