Les développements de la thérapie cellulaire de l'an 2000

For the past thirty years, hematology has switched from the concept of bone marrow transplantation to the concept of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, from allograft to autograft, from non-manipulated graft to hyper-selection, from hematopoietic cellular therapy to immunotherapy. Indications of these transplantations are now more clear for malignant diseases and are ongoing for auto-immune diseases. A better knowledge of the HSC allows the control of their proliferation and differentiation, opening the field of ex vivo expansion. Very recently, new stem cells have been identified, establishing that a differentiated cell retain its totipotency: a nervous system cell can differentiate into HSC, which will further give hematopoiesis, mesenchymental cells or hepatocytes. New tools are under development: human ES cells, biomaterials, functionalized materials, opening the field of cellular engineering in the year 2000.