Current review on squamous intraepithelial lesions of the larynx |
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Authors: | Gale Nina Michaels Leslie Luzar Bostjan Poljak Mario Zidar Nina Fischinger Janez Cardesa Antonio |
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Institution: | Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;, Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, UK;, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana;, Department of Otorhinolaringology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Clinical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia;, and Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain |
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Abstract: | Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the larynx, clinically usually defined as leukoplakia and chronic laryngitis, have remained the main controversial topic in laryngeal pathology for decades as regards classification, histological diagnosis and treatment. SILs are caused by smoking and alcohol abuse. There is also mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is a potential aetiological factor. Human papillomavirus infection seems to play little if any role in laryngeal carcinogenesis. Histological classification of SILs is the central disputed aspect of these lesions. There are as yet no generally accepted criteria for histological grading of laryngeal SILs. Three currently used classifications of SILs are reviewed here: the dysplasia system, the Ljubljana classification and the binary system of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. One of the most important issues of SILs is the risk of malignant transformation. Data in the literature are controversial because of inconsistent use of morphological criteria in different classifications. It is often difficult for clinicians to agree on the most appropriate therapeutic option for a particular grade of SIL that has been diagnosed. Transition from normal epithelium to SILs and squamous cell carcinoma is related to progressive accumulation of genetic changes leading to a clonal population of transformed epithelial cells. Despite extensive research into these genetic changes in laryngeal carcinogenesis, reliable genetic markers with diagnostic and prognostic value are still lacking. |
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Keywords: | aetiology follow-up histopathological classifications larynx molecular biology squamous intraepithelial lesions treatment |
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