Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Classification based upon phenotype is essential for diagnosis and treatment |
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| Authors: | Andrew Xanthopoulos Filippos Triposkiadis Randall C. Starling |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA;2. Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece |
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| Abstract: | Heart failure (HF) is classified based upon the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous disorder with increasing prevalence in the elderly that remains incompletely understood and inadequately treated as no therapy has shown favorable effects. In this review, we summarize the current theories regarding HFpEF pathogenesis, propose a phenotype-based classification of HFpEF, discuss prevention strategies, explain why clinical trials on HFpEF treatment have failed, and make suggestions for the future. |
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| Keywords: | Heart failure Preserved ejection fraction Phenotypes Classification |
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