Exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic delivery for autoimmune diseases: Opportunities and challenges |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China;2. Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China;3. Department of Endocrinology, the Second People’s Hospital of Hefei, the Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China.;4. Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China;1. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;2. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan;3. Center for General Medicine Education, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;4. Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan;1. Department of Internal Medicine, Martinique University Hospital, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France;2. EpiCliV Research Unit, University of French West Indies, Fort-de-France, Martinique, France;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, France;4. Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France;5. Department of Rheumatology, Martinique University Hospital, France;7. Montpellier-1 University, Faculty of Medicine, France;8. Department of Internal Medicine and Multi-Organic Diseases, Montpelier University Hospital, France;9. Department of Dermatology, Montpellier University Hospital, France;1. University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit and Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases (CMID), Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley (North-West Italy), San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the University of Turin, Turin, Italy;2. Unit of Infectious diseases, Department of medical sciences at Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;3. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy;1. Rheumatology Department, Guy''s and St. Thomas'' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;2. Lane Fox Respiratory Medicine Department, Guy''s and St. Thomas'' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;3. Department of Medical Oncology, Guy''s and St. Thomas'' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;1. International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada;1. Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China;2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Immunomicroecology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China;3. College of Basic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China;4. Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’ Hospital/Children''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Exosomes are spherical lipid bilayer vesicles composed of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that deliver signaling molecules through a vesicular transport system to regulate the function and morphology of target cells, thereby involving in a variety of biological processes, such as cell apoptosis or proliferation, and cytokine production. In the past decades, there are emerging evidence that exosomes play pivotal roles in the pathological mechanisms of several autoimmune diseases (ADs), including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). systemic sclerosis (SSc), etc. Several publications have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of ADs mainly through intercellular communication and by influencing the response of immune cells. The level of exosomes and the expression of nucleic acids can reflect the degree of disease progression and are excellent biomarkers for ADs. In addition, exosomes have the potential to be used as drug carriers thanks to their biocompatibility and stability. In this review, we briefly summarized the current researches regarding the biological functions of exosomes in ADs, and provided an insight into the potential of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic delivery for these diseases. |
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