Microenvironment and tumor cell plasticity: An easy way out |
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| Authors: | Maria Letizia Taddei Elisa Giannoni Giuseppina Comito Paola Chiarugi |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy;2. Istituto Toscano Tumori and “Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE”, 50134 Florence, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Cancer cells undergo genetic changes allowing their adaptation to environmental changes, thereby obtaining an advantage during the long metastatic route, disseminated of several changes in the surrounding environment. In particular, plasticity in cell motility, mainly due to epigenetic regulation of cancer cells by environmental insults, engage adaptive strategies aimed essentially to survive in hostile milieu, thereby escaping adverse sites. This review is focused on tumor microenvironment as a collection of structural and cellular elements promoting plasticity and adaptive programs. We analyze the role of extracellular matrix stiffness, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, acidity, as well as different cell populations of tumor microenvironment. |
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| Keywords: | CA, carbonic anhydrases CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts ECM, extracellular matrix EMT, epithelial&ndash mesenchymal transition EPC, endothelial precursor cell HGF, hepatocyte growth factor HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 Keap-1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LOX, lysyl oxidase MAT, mesenchymal-amoeboid transition MCT, monocarboxylate transporter MMP, metalloproteases NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB Nrf-2, NF-E2-related factor OS, oxidative stress PCa, prostate carcinoma PK, pyruvate kinase PPP, penthose phosphate pathway ROS, reactive oxygen species SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1 TEM, trans-endothelial migration TGF-β1, tumor growth factor-β1 VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor |
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