贵州习水苗族头面部体质特征

目的 研究贵州习水苗族头面部体质特征是否存在性别差异，以及与我国南方其他5个苗族和贵州其他族群的亲缘关系。 方法 对世居在贵州习水良村镇苗族的357名(男173人，女184人)年龄在20~59岁的苗族进行头面部活体观察和测量(观察项目14项，测量项目19项)；采用聚类分析，选择欧氏距离值，比较其间亲缘关系。结果 习水苗族头面部的特征除头长、额最小宽、下颌角间宽、两眼内角宽、鼻长、口裂宽、唇高、全头高、形态面高男女差异无显著性（P ＞0.05）外，鼻宽、鼻高、鼻深、头耳高男女性别差异显著（0.01<P <0.05），而头宽、两耳屏宽、面宽、两眼外角宽、容貌面高以及头水平围男女性别差异极显著（ P <0.01）； 习水苗族男女以直发为主，大部分头发为黑色，前额发际多为直型；大部为浅色皮肤，以黑褐色眼色为主；眼裂倾斜度以外角高于内角为主，上眼睑大部分有皱褶,且多为短睫毛；鼻梁形态,男性多为凸型,女性多为直型，以上翘的鼻尖方向为主,鼻孔形状大部分为卵圆形；上唇皮肤部突出以正唇为主，且红唇厚度大多为中等；耳垂形状以三角形多见。男性头型以特圆型、女性以圆型多见；面型都以阔面型为主；都属中鼻型。结论 习水苗族头面部体质特征有些存在性别差异和差异显著；男性与贵州王卡苗族，女性与贵州布依族亲缘关系最近。

Physical anthropology of the Miao nationality of Xishui in Guizhou

Objective To compare the traits on the head and face constitution between males and females of Miao Nationality in Xishui, and to identify the kinship and difference between the above group and the other 5 minority groups living in southern China and other groups living in Guizhou nationalities. Methods An assessment of the somatoscopy and anthropometry traits on the head and face (fourteen observations and nineteen measurements) of 357 Miao nationality adults aged from 20 to 59 years old (173 males and 184 females) living in Liangcun township of Xishui city in Guizhou was carried out and the statistical software was used to process data and cluster analysis. Results Of Xishui Miao facial features, there were significant sex differences on the nose breadth, nose height, nasal tip height and auricular height (0.01< EM>P /EM><0.05 ), but no differences on the head length, min frontal, interocular broad, nose length, mouth breadth, lip height, total height of head, and morphological facial height ( EM>P/EM> >0.05 ). The head breadth, intertragiar breadth, face breadth, extrinsic biocular breadth, physiognomic facial width and maximum circumference of the head extremely were significant difference ( EM> P/EM> <0.01 ). Most males and females were lissotrichous and black and the forehead hair was straight. Most of males and females were tint skin color and eye color were pitchy. In terms of eye slit direction，external angles were mostly higher and greater compared to the internal angles in direction of eyeslits, most of their palpebra superior had wrinkles, and eyelashes were short. Most males were convex type and most females were straight contour of nasal bridge, the nasal tip was upturned and nostril was orbicular-ovate. The upper lip was protruding and went beyond the lower lip. The total thickness of the lips were middling, the lobe types were mostly triangle. Most of the male heads were characterized by being hyperbrachycephaly and females were brachycephaly. The face forms were mainly featured by Euryprosopy and their noses were mesorrhine. Conclusion The traits on the head and face constitution between males and females of Miao Nationality in Xishui indicate existence of significant sex difference and the disparity. The males physical characters of the Miao in Liangcun township of Xishui city are most closely related to the Miao nationality of Wangka in Guizhou and the females is most closely related to the Bouyei nation