Modeling plasma lipoprotein-bile lipid relationships: Differential impact of psyllium and cholestyramine in hamsters fed a lithogenic diet

Hamsters fed a lithogenic diet become hyperlipemic with elevated very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high-density lipoprotein 2 (HDL₂) cholesterol pools and develop lithogenic bile in which chenodeoxycholate (cheno) typically predominates. The relationship between these distorted lipoprotein and bile lipid profiles and gallstone induction was investigated in male Syrian hamsters fed for 5 weeks a gallstone-inducing purified diet (5% butter, 0.4% cholesterol) or the same diet supplemented with 5% psyllium or 1% cholestyramine, agents known to alter bile acid metabolism. The gallstone diet essentially doubled plasma cholesterol level, whereas psyllium decreased it to near normal, and cholestyramine to a subnormal level, while correcting the distorted distribution of cholesterol among lipoproteins. Both the gallstone diet and psyllium produced cholesterol-laden livers, in contrast to subnormal values produced by cholestyramine. Fecal bile acid excretion was increased eightfold with cholestyramine and fourfold with psyllium relative to the value produced by the gallstone diet and a literature control value. Supersaturated bile developed with the gallstone diet (lithogenic index LI], 2.3 ± 0.6), whereas the LI was decreased by psyllium (1.2 ± 0.4) and cholestyramine (0.7 ± 0.3). The gallstone diet decreased the concentration of bile acids in gallbladder bile, but greatly increased the percentage of taurochenodeoxycholic acid, whereas psyllium preferentially decreased all taurine-conjugated bile acid levels and expanded glycocholate output. Cholestyramine greatly decreased the secretion of biliary cholesterol and cheno independent of its conjugation. Accordingly, psyllium increased the glycine to taurine ratio of gallbladder bile fivefold, whereas cholestyramine did not affect this ratio, but increased the cholate to cheno ratio dramatically (25-fold) as compared with a threefold increase with psyllium. This combination of biliary lipid and bile acid alterations induced coordinated responses in the LI and the hydrophobicity index (HI) such that cholesterol gallstones developed in 11 of 12 hamsters fed the gallstone diet, whereas only one of 11 of the psyllium-fed and none of 12 cholestyramine-fed hamsters had cholesterol stones. Thus, psyllium and cholestyramine differentially increased bile acid excretion, which improved the lipoprotein profile and inhibited cholesterol gallstone formation. Both agents operated by different means to decrease biliary cholesterol secretion and the percentage of cheno, which decreased the LI and HI, respectively.