《金匮要略》“野苣”“白苣”考

《金匮要略》第25篇“果实菜谷禁忌并治”有“野苣”“白苣”2种食物,古今医家多认为是苦菜或莴苣,但惜未论述考证经过。本文首先通过考证篇中条文来源,判断出“野苣”“白苣”是秦汉时的1种食物,再通过“莴苣”传入我国的时间和梳理苦菜的别名,认为二者不是苦菜和莴苣。然后判断出“苣”是“秬”的类化字,学术界又以“黍”释“秬”,再查阅《中国农业百科全书》和相关期刊论文,得出“秬”是黍中有糯性且黑壳粒大的品种,“野苣”是其野生种,“白苣”可能是黍中非糯性且苗期叶片带淡绿色(所谓微白)的品种,也可能是黍中白壳的品种,二者的原植物是今禾本科黍属植物黍(Panicum miliaceum L.)。

Textual Research of"Wild Lettuce"and"White Lettuce"in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber

There are two kinds of food"wild lettuce"and"white lettuce"in the 25 chapters of the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber.Most ancient and modern doctors think it is bitter vegetable or lettuce,but they do not discuss the process of textual research.In this paper,"wild lettuce"and"white lettuce"were identified as one kind of food in Qin and Han Dynasties through the source of the articles in the textual research,and then"lettuce"was introduced into China and combed the name of bitter vegetables.It was thought that the two were not bitter vegetables and lettuce.Then it is judged that"chicory"is a kind of word of"Zhen".The academic circle interprets"Zhen"with"millet",and then consults"Encyclopedia of Chinese agriculture"and related journal papers.It is concluded that"Zhen"is a kind of glutinous variety with large black shell and grain in millet,"wild chicory"is its wild species,"white chicory"may be a kind of non glutinous variety with light green(so-called micro white)leaves at seedling stage,or it may be a kind of non glutinous variety in millet.The original plant of the two varieties is Panicum miliaceum Lis bitter or lettuce.Through textual research articles in origin,emergence time,ancient literature and modern research results,that"corn salad"and"lettuce"is not bitter or lettuce."Lettuce"is"the word Ju","Ju"(lettuce)for millet varieties in black,"corn salad"is the wild species,"lettuce"is a white shell of millet varieties,the original plant is now two gramineous plants of the genus Proso Millet.