Plant inhibitors of serine proteinases: Hageman factor fragment, kallikreins, plasmin, thrombin, factor Xa, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

Numerous plants were tested for inhibitors of human Hageman factor fragment (HF_f), plasma kallikrein, urinary kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin, porcine pancreatic kallikrein, and bovine Factor X_a, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Pumpkin seeds and iris bulbs contain trypsin inhibitors which specifically inhibit HF_f. Flower bulbs—especially those of tulip, lily, hyacinth, and calla—are hitherto unrecognized rich sources of inhibitors with different inhibitory spectrums and physicochemical properties.