Direction-specific differences in the magnitude of abducens nerve responses during off-vertical axis rotation are a basic property of the utriculo-ocular reflex in frogs

Abducens nerve multiunit responses were recorded in darkness from decerebrated frogs during steps of angular velocity about an axis tilted with respect to the earth vertical (off-vertical axis rotation, OVAR). Thereby, a rotating gravity vector activated utricular hair cells and modulated the abducens nerve discharge sinusoidally as a function of head position in space. As expected, a bias velocity response component and nystagmus-related changes in neural activity were absent, since frogs do not possess a functioning velocity storage mechanism. Responses increased as a function of the tilt angle and of the velocity and direction of the platform rotation. OVAR in the direction of the recorded abducens nerve (clockwise for the right and counterclockwise for the left abducens nerve) evoked significantly smaller responses than rotation in the opposite direction. The possible origin of these direction-specific response properties was further studied after lesioning various structures assumed to modify utriculo-ocular reflexes. Each of these lesions (ipsilateral hemilabyrinthectomy, cerebellectomy, contralateral canal nerve sections) had a specific effect on the recorded response properties, but none of them, nor combinations thereof, abolished the direction-specific characteristics of the responses as long as the contralateral utricular nerve branch remained intact. Our results demonstrate that direction-specificity is a property of the basic utriculo-ocular reflex that is independent of the velocity storage mechanism in the brainstem, of the intervestibular commissural system, of the inhibitory control by the cerebellum and of the central convergence of utricular and horizontal canal inputs. A simple, unidirectional interaction between central utricular neurons with adjacent functional polarization vectors is suggested as the basic element for the observed direction specificity.