Association of Self-reported Walking Pace With Type 2 Diabetes Incidence in the UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;2. Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;3. Human Performance Lab, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Unit, University Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile;1. Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN;2. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;1. Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University) and National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China;2. Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia;2. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;3. Hepatic Fibrosis Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;4. School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia;1. Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY;2. Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY;3. John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School–University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA;1. Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;2. Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;3. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN;4. OptumLabs, Cambridge, MA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo investigate the association between self-reported walking pace and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence and whether it differed by physical activity levels and walking time.MethodsThere were 162,155 participants (mean age, 57.1 years; 54.9% women) from the UK Biobank prospective study, recruited between 2006 and 2010, included in the study. Walking pace was self-reported and classified as brisk, average, or slow. Total physical activity and walking time were self-reported using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Association between walking pace and T2D incidence and the potential moderating role of physical activity and walking time were investigated using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsThe median follow-up was 7.4 (interquartile range, 6.7 to 8.2) years. There were 4442 participants in whom T2D developed during the follow-up period. In the fully adjusted model (sociodemographic factors, diet, body mass index, and physical activity), average walking pace (hazard ratio [HR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.44) and slow walking pace (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.62 to 2.24) were associated with a higher T2D risk compared with brisk walking among women. Among men, average walking pace (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.40) and slow walking pace (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.50 to 1.99) were also associated with higher T2D risk. Compared with slow walkers, brisk walkers have the same diabetes incidence rate 18.6 and 16.0 years later, for women and men, respectively.ConclusionAverage and slow walking pace was associated with a higher risk of incident T2D in both men and women, independent of major confounding factors. The associations were consistent across different physical activity levels and walking time. |
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