Suppressant effects of dexamethasone on the availability of plasma L-tryptophan and tyrosine in healthy controls and in depressed patients

Formation in the brain of serotonin from L-tryptophan (L-TRP) and noradrenaline from tyrosine are pathways related to the pathophysiology of major depression and to the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the past, decrements in L-TRP availability and disorders in the HPA axis have repeatedly been observed in major depressed patients; both factors were shown to be inversely correlated. In order to investigate the relationships between glucocorticosteroid activity and the availability of L-TRP and tyrosine, the authors measured L-TRP, tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine in baseline conditions and after treatment with 1 mg dexamethasone in 16 healthy controls and in 50 depressed patients. The ratios between L-TRP and tyrosine and the sums of the amino acids known to compete with them during transport across the blood-brain barrier were computed as an index of (respectively) the serotonin and noradrenaline synthesis in the brain. We found significantly decreased plasma L-TRP and tyrosine levels after treatment with dexamethasone compared with basal levels. Accordingly, the plasma ratios between L-TRP and tyrosine and the sum of the competing amino acids were significantly reduced by dexamethasone administration. It was hypothesized that through these actions of dexamethasone on peripheral amino acids, the central noradrenaline and serotonin control over the HPA-axis could be altered.