Learning to discriminate interaural time differences: an exploratory study with amplitude-modulated stimuli

The advent of bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) has increased interest in learning on binaural tasks, and studies in normal-hearing listeners provide important background information. However, few studies have considered learning with discrimination of interaural time difference (ITD). Here, learning with ITD was explored using stimuli that are more relevant to bilateral CIs than used previously. Inexperienced listeners were trained with envelope-based ITD using high-frequency amplitude-modulated tones with or without an interaural carrier frequency difference (IFD), the former to simulate asymmetrical bilateral CI insertions. All were tested with and without IFD before and after training. In most listeners, ITD thresholds improved substantially with training, not necessarily reaching asymptote after 3,000 trials. In these, the magnitude and time-course of learning was larger than anticipated from a previous study with low-frequency ITD. Learning generalized across IFD and the effect of IFD on ITD thresholds at post-test was smaller than reported previously. These results have implications for studies of bilateral CIs, such as the need to provide extensive training to avoid over-estimating any apparent 'impairment'.