小儿心源性晕厥的临床特征分析

目的 探讨小儿心源性晕厥(cardiac syncope,CS)的临床特点,提高小儿 CS的诊断水平.方法 应用结构性晕厥病史问卷,详细记录并分析23例CS儿童的病史特征及标准体表心电图表现,以找出CS儿童的临床特征.结果 7例为病态窦房结综合征、4例为先天性长QT综合征、2例为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、2例为阵发性室上性心动过速、1例为阵发性室性心动过速、1例为心房颤动、1例为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞安装起搏器后起搏器工作不良、3例为特发性肺动脉高压、1例为肥厚型心肌病、1例为扩张型心肌病.CS儿童发病年龄较小,平均为9.0岁;23例患儿中劳累诱发晕厥的为14/23(60.9%);各种体位均有晕厥发作者为7/23(30.4%).CS儿童晕厥发作前存在先兆症状者较少,仅为12/23(52.2%);晕厥发生时存在伴随症状的患儿较多,尤其发生大小便失禁的几率较高,共4/23(17.4%).在Cs患儿中,具有心脏病史者为4/23(17.4%);仪1例有猝死家族史(占4.3%);23例中有21例的标准体表心电图存在异常,占91.7%.结论 CS患儿具有明显的临床特征,尤其是心电图异常和劳累诱发晕厥这2项特征发生率最高.临床上识别这些临床特征,对于提高儿童晕厥的诊断效率有重要意义.

Clinical characteristics of cardiac syncope in children

Objectives To explore the clinical characteristics of cardiac syncope (CS) in children, and understand their significance in predicting the cardiac syncope. Methods Twenty-three patients were referred to our department for evaluation of syncope. The diagnosis of the above cases was cardiac syncope. Each patient was interviewed using a standard questionnaire. The clinical histories and standard baseline electrocardiogram were analysized to identify the variables contributing to the diagnosis of CS in children. Results A cardiac cause was identified in 23 syncopal patients presenting to the Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital: sick sinus syndrome in 7, congenital long QT syndrome in 4, third degree atrioventricular block in 2, supraventricular tachycardia in 2, ventricular tachycardia in 1, atrial fibrillation in 1, pacemaker dysfunction in 1, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension in 3, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 1, and dilated cardiomyopathy in 1. The average age of CS patients was 9 years. In totally 23 patients, exertion related syncope spells were found in 14 cases (60.9%), syncope spells at various position 7/23 (30.4%), absence of prodromes in 12/23 (52.2%), syncope spells with incontinence in 4/23 (17.4%), history of heart disease in 4/23 (17.4%). Abnormal standard baseline electrocardiogram was found in 21 cases (91.7%). Conclusions The children with cardiac syncope have overt clinical features, especially abnormal findings in electrocardiogram and exertion related syncope spells are the most common clinical features.