伴高危因素儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的手术治疗

目的 分析伴高危因素阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患儿的临床特征,总结治疗经验和教训.方法 对广州市儿童医院耳鼻咽喉科2005年1月至2008年1月收治的19例伴高危因素OSAHS患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.全组患儿中年龄＜2岁者5例,伴有颅面部畸形者6例(小下颌、下颌后缩5例,面横裂1例),Down综合征2例,脑瘫2例,伴有慢性支气管炎者3例,黏多糖病1例.19例患儿均住院行整夜多道睡眠监测(PSG)并接受扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除手术,并对所有患儿进行随访.结果 14例患儿术后6个月至1年复查PSG.11例PSG恢复正常,呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)中位数[25分位数;75分位数]由术前的22.5[6.5;24.5]次/h,下降到2.0[1.5;4.3]次/h,最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO2)术前最低为0.63,术后均＞0.92;其中1例伴有慢性支气管炎患儿术后并发肺动脉高压经治疗好转.另外3例中1例Down综合征患儿术前AHI和LSaO2为22.4次/h和0.67,术后为14.2次/h和0.84,改善不明显;2例仅切除腺样体患儿术前PSG检查结果示AHI为24.6次/h和26.6次/h,LSaO2为0.69和0.73,术后3个月又出现睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸、憋气,复查PSG示AHI为10.6次/h和8.5次/h,LSaO2为0.90和0.88,经腺样体联合扁桃体切除手术后症状消失.未复查PSG的5例患儿为异地患儿,术前PSG检查AHI为16.4～26.2次/h,LSaO2为0.65～0.76,术后1年对其症状进行电话随访,除1例小下颌患儿睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸、憋气症状无改善外,其余4例患儿症状均明显好转.结论 对腺样体、扁桃体肥大并伴高危因素的OSAHS患儿,手术仍是一线治疗方案,但高危因素的存在增加了围手术期的风险,也可能影响术后疗效,术前应对患儿进行全面评估,术后仔细观察患儿的情况,及时处理出现的并发症,仍可获得满意的疗效.

Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children with risk factors

Objective To analyse the clinical features of children with obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome(OSAHS),accompanying with risk factors.Methods The clinic data of 19 patients treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Guangzhou Children's Hospital between January 2005 to January 2008 were investigated retrospectively.Among them,5 were＜2 years old,6 with craniofacial deformity:small mandible and(or)mandibular retrusion(5 cases),transverse facial cleft(1 case),Down's syndrome(2 cases),cerebral palsy(2 cases),chronic bronchitis(3 cases)and mucopolysaccharidoses(1 case).Nineteen patients with symptoms of snoring, mouth breathing,were diagnosised as OSAHS by polysemnography(PSG)and treated by tonsillectomy and(or)adenoidectomy in hospital.All patients were closely followed-up.Results Fourteen patients underwent PSG 6 months to 1 year after operation,11 patients recovered,the median [percentiles 25;percentiles 75]apnea-hypopnea index(AHI)decreased from the pre-operative 22.5[16.5;24.3]times/h to 2.0[1.5;4.3]times/h,and the lowest oxygen saturation(LSaO2)before operation was 0.63,and was higher than 0.92 after operation,1 case accompanying with chronic bronchitis,the pulmonary hypertension was improved after operation.One case with Down's syndrome wag not significantly impmved,preoperative AHI and LSaO2 was 22.4 times/h and 0.67,and after operation was 14.2 and 0.84;2 cases accepted adenoidectomy only,snoring,mouth breathing reappeared 3 mornths after operation.pre-operative PSG results showed AHI 24.6 times/h and 26.6 times/h,LSaO2 was 0.69 and 0.73,after operation the AHI was 10.6 times/h and 8.5 times/h,LSaO2 was 0.90 and 0.88,the symptoms disappeared after adenotonsillectomy.Five cases did not have PSG because they lived far away in the other cities,their pre-operative PSG showed AHI 16.4 to 26.2 times/h,LSaO2 was 0.65 to 0.76.One year after operation,these patients were followed-up by telephone,4 children were significantly improved,1 case with mandibular symptoms showed no improvement.Conclusions For OSAHS children accompanying with risk factors,if they have adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy,adenotonsillectomy is the major treatment.Because of the existence of risk factors,perioperative risk increased,even the failure of operation.so these patients must be comprehensively assessed before operation.Satisfied results Can be achieved by close observation after operation and management of complications as soon as possible.