Correcting waveform bias using principal component analysis: Applications in multicentre motion analysis studies |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, 130 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, Canada;2. Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, 820 Sherbrook St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;3. Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, 76 Stuart St., Kingston, ON, Canada;4. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Manitoba, 771 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;1. Department of Veterans Affairs Center for Limb Loss Prevention and Prosthetic Engineering,1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States;1. Gazi University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Ankara, Turkey;2. Rush Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Department of Biochemistry, Chicago, IL, USA;1. Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands;2. Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan;2. Division of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan;1. Roessingh Research and Development P.O. Box 310, 7500 AH Enschede, The Netherlands;2. University of Twente MIRA research institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Department of Biomechanical Engineering P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;3. Roessingh, Center for Rehabilitation P.O. Box 310 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;4. Military Rehabilitation Centre ‘Aardenburg’ Department Research and Development P.O. Box 185, 3940 AD Doorn, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Multicentre studies are rare in three dimensional motion analyses due to challenges associated with combining waveform data from different centres. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that can be used to quantify variability in waveform data and identify group differences. A correction technique based on PCA is proposed that can be used in post processing to remove nuisance variation introduced by the differences between centres. Using this technique, the waveform bias that exists between the two datasets is corrected such that the means agree. No information is lost in the individual datasets, but the overall variability in the combined data is reduced. The correction is demonstrated on gait kinematics with synthesized crosstalk and on gait data from knee arthroplasty patients collected in two centres. The induced crosstalk was successfully removed from the knee joint angle data. In the second example, the removal of the nuisance variation due to the multicentre data collection allowed significant differences in implant type to be identified. This PCA-based technique can be used to correct for differences between waveform datasets in post processing and has the potential to enable multicentre motion analysis studies. |
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| Keywords: | Principal component analysis Motion analysis Gait Waveform data Inter-laboratory |
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