A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from Avicenna's view point |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;2. Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;1. Departments of Plastic Surgery, The Newcastle Breast Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK;2. Departments of General Surgery, The Newcastle Breast Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK;3. Departments of Microbiology, The Newcastle Breast Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK;3. From the Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-702,;5. the Department of Food and Nutrition, Seowon University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 377-3,;6. the Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,;12. the Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, and;4. the Personalized Tumor Engineering Research Center, Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea;1. Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;2. Neurosurgery Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;3. Health Physics Unit, Section of Medical Physics, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;4. Division of Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;5. Department of Nuclear Medicine, “S. Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, Rovigo, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Historically, one of the earliest breast cancer case descriptions comes from an Egyptian manuscript so called “the Edwin Smith Papyrus” dating back to the Pyramid Age. However, apart from all respective documents remained from the antiquity, concepts and standpoints of Avicenna (Ibn Sina; a famous Persian physician) in regard of the cancer are interesting. A case of breast cancer and metastatic condition has been reported by Avicenna in the Canon of Medicine. This report can be considered as a very early report of metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. He underlined that cancer should be diagnosed and cured in the early stages. With views of Avicenna, cancer is an atrabilious (black bile) swelling (tumor) which sometimes may be accompanied by pain or swelling. He also mentioned that some vessels may be appeared around the cancerous part. Avicenna extrapolated the cancer with legs of cancer crab which can to grow around the other organs and tissues. |
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| Keywords: | Metastatic breast cancer Avicenna's view point |
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