Fire Extinguishing Performance of Chemically Bonded Struvite Ceramic Powder with High Heat-Absorbing and Flame Retardant Properties

Struvite is a chemically bonded ceramic product in the pipeline of a sewage treatment plant. In order to explore the fire extinguishing potential of struvite, a new type of struvite ultrafine dry powder with excellent performance was prepared by a simple process, and its fire extinguishing performance and mechanism were analyzed in depth. Under the same process conditions, the refinement degree (D50 = 5.132 μm) and the specific surface area (BET = 25.72 m²/g) of ultrafine struvite were larger than those of NH₄H₂PO₄ (D50 = 8.961 μm, BET = 13.64 m²/g), making struvite more suitable for fire extinguishing. Besides, the pyrolysis process of struvite was relatively concentrated and absorbed more heat in a short time. Its heat absorption (458.4 J/mg) was higher than that of NH₄H₂PO₄ (156.4 J/mg). Water, ammonia, and PO· were released during the pyrolysis of struvite, which effectively reduced fire temperature, diluted oxygen concentrations and captured free radicals. At the same time, the final products were magnesium orthophosphate and magnesium pyrophosphate, which formed a dense flame-retardant ceramic layer with good thermal insulation and environmental protection functions. In these cases, the fire extinguishing mechanism of struvite was determined to have three stages: the cooling effect, the asphyxiation effect, and the chemical effect. Correspondingly, the fire extinguishing time of struvite was three seconds faster than that of ammonium phosphate under 0.2 MPa based on the local oil basin test.