Innate and adaptive immune responses against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus</Emphasis> skin infections |
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Authors: | Sheila?Krishna Email author" target="_blank">Lloyd?S?MillerEmail author |
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Institution: | (1) Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 52-121 Center for Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;(2) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; |
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Abstract: | Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that is responsible for the vast majority of bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in
humans. S. aureus can also become more invasive and cause life-threatening infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia, abscesses of various organs,
meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and sepsis. These infections represent a major public health threat due to the enormous
numbers of these infections and the widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. MSRA is endemic in hospitals worldwide and is rapidly spreading throughout the normal human population in
the community. The increasing frequency of MRSA infections has complicated treatment as these strains are more virulent and
are increasingly becoming resistant to multiple different classes of antibiotics. The important role of the immune response
against S. aureus infections cannot be overemphasized as humans with certain genetic and acquired immunodeficiency disorders are at an increased
risk for infection. Understanding the cutaneous immune responses against S. aureus is essential as most of these infections occur or originate from a site of infection or colonization of the skin and mucosa.
This review will summarize the innate immune responses against S. aureus skin infections, including antimicrobial peptides that have direct antimicrobial activity against S. aureus as well as pattern recognition receptors and proinflammatory cytokines that promote neutrophil abscess formation in the skin,
which is required for bacterial clearance. Finally, we will discuss the recent discoveries involving IL-17-mediated responses,
which provide a key link between cutaneous innate and adaptive immune responses against S. aureus skin infections. |
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