Modelling the contribution of negative affect,outcome expectancies and metacognitions to cigarette use and nicotine dependence |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK;2. Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey;3. Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy;4. Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK;5. Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, ?zmir, Turkey;6. Studi Cognitivi, Milan, Italy;7. Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy;1. Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, 420 University Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;2. Riley Hospital for Children, Riley Hospital Drive, Room 4300, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;1. Faculty of Arts, Business and Law, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia;2. Sunshine Coast Mind & Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, School of Social Sciences, FABL, University of the Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, Queensland 4575, Australia;1. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, Tillett Hall, 53 Avenue E., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;2. University of Houston, Department of Psychology, 126 Fred J. Heyne Building, Suite 104, Houston, TX 77204, USA;3. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Science, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundBoth positive smoking outcome expectancies and metacognitions about smoking have been found to be positively associated with cigarette use and nicotine dependence. The goal of this study was to test a model including nicotine dependence and number of daily cigarettes as dependent variables, anxiety and depression as independent variables, and smoking outcome expectancies and metacognitions about smoking as mediators between the independents and dependents.MethodsThe sample consisted of 524 self-declared smokers who scored 3 or above on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND: Uysal et al., 2004).ResultsAnxiety was not associated with either cigarette use or nicotine dependence but was positively associated with all mediators with the exception of stimulation state enhancement and social facilitation. Depression, on the other hand, was found to be positively associated with nicotine dependence (and very weakly to cigarette use) but was not associated with either smoking outcome expectancies or metacognitions about smoking. Only one smoking outcome expectancy (negative affect reduction) was found to be positively associated with nicotine dependence but not cigarette use. Furthermore one smoking outcome expectancy (negative social impression) was found to be positively associated with cigarette use (but not to nicotine dependence). All metacognitions about smoking were found to be positively associated with nicotine dependence. Moreover, negative metacognitions about uncontrollability were found to be positively associated with cigarette use.ConclusionsMetacognitions about smoking appear to be a stronger mediator than smoking outcome expectancies in the relationship between negative affect and cigarette use/nicotine dependence. The implications of these findings are discussed. |
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