Mutation of tyrosine 318 (Y318F) in the delta-opioid receptor attenuates tyrosine phosphorylation, agonist-dependent receptor internalization, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation

Opioid receptors are known for their ability to activate diverse second messenger systems. Previously, we showed that selective delta-opioid agonists were able to induce the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of delta-opioid receptors (delta-ORs) through Src. Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of delta-ORs appears to be important for activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and for receptor sequestration into clathrin-coated endosomes, as the Src antagonist, PP1, inhibited both. In an attempt to clarify the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in delta-OR signalling and regulation, we constructed a mutant receptor in which the tyrosine located in the conserved NPXXY motif of the C-terminus was replaced by a phenylalanine (Y318F-delta-OR). Mutation of Y318 resulted in a receptor that was comparable to the wild type in its expression level in HEK-293 cells and in its affinity for opioid ligands. Both receptors showed effective coupling to G proteins and were capable of inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation with similar potencies. However, the mutant receptor was able to stimulate (35)S-GTPgammaS binding with a lower EC(50) than the wild type receptor. The stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in delta-ORs by [D-Thr(2)]-Leu-enkephalin-Thr (DTLET) was significantly less in cells expressing the Y318F-delta-OR than in cells expressing the wild type. In addition, both rapid receptor internalization and down-regulation were markedly attenuated in the mutant. Finally, the mutant receptor was unable to induce a robust activation of the MAPK pathway, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of the delta-OR protein is important for this signalling pathway. These findings implicate tyrosine phosphorylation of Y318 in receptor signalling and agonist-mediated regulation.