Acute, subacute toxicity and mutagenic effects of anacardic acids from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) in mice |
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Authors: | Carvalho Ana Laura Nicoletti Annoni Raquel Silva Paula Regina Pereira Borelli Primavera Fock Ricardo Ambrósio Trevisan Maria Teresa Salles Mauad Thais |
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Institution: | a Experimental Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LPAE), Department of Pathology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 455, Room 1155, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil b Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 580/17, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil c Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, CP 12200, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil d National Institute for Integrated Analysis of Environmental Risk (INAIRA), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ministry of Science and Technology, for the Development of National Institutes of Science and Technology (MCT), Av Dr Arnaldo, 455, Room 1220, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil |
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Abstract: | Aim of the studyAnacardium occidentale Linn. (cashew) is a Brazilian plant that is usually consumed in natura and is used in folk medicine. Anacardic acids (AAs) in the cashew nut shell liquid are biologically active as gastroprotectors, inhibitors of the activity of various deleterious enzymes, antitumor agents and antioxidants. Yet, there are no reports of toxicity testing to guarantee their use in vivo models.Materials and methodsWe evaluated AAs biosafety by measuring the acute, subacute and mutagenic effects of AAs administration in BALB/c mice. In acute tests, BALB/c mice received a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg, whereas animals in subacute tests received 300, 600 and 1000 mg/kg for 30 days. Hematological, biochemical and histological analyses were performed in all animals. Mutagenicity was measured with the acute micronucleus test 24 h after oral administration of 250 mg/kg AAs.ResultsOur results showed that the AAs acute minimum lethal dose in BALB/c mice is higher than 2000 mg/kg since this concentration did not produce any symptoms. In subacute tests, females which received the highest doses (600 or 1000 mg/kg) were more susceptible, which was seen by slightly decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels coupled with a moderate increase in urea. Anacardic acids did not produce any mutagenic effects.ConclusionsThe data indicate that doses less than 300 mg/kg did not produce biochemical and hematological alterations in BALB/c mice. Additional studies must be conducted to investigate the pharmacological potential of this natural substance in order to ensure their safe use in vivo. |
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Keywords: | AAs anacardic acids ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase AST aspartate aminotransferase b w body weight CAJ cashew apple juice CNU cashew nut oil CNSL cashew nut shell liquid ECPs polychromatic erythrocytes MNPCEs micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes MNU N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ROS reactive oxygen species |
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