老年人肾移植术后重症肺炎的特点及诊治

目的 探讨老年人肾移植术后重症肺炎的的特点及诊治过程中采取的必要措施. 方法 回顾分析28例肾移植术后重症肺炎患者的临床资料,其中<60岁20例,≥60岁8例. 结果 <60岁组重症肺炎发生在术后1～13个月,均有发热,咳嗽10例,咳痰8例;Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭6例,Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭3例;大叶性肺炎6例,间质性肺炎13例,肺实变1例;病原体不明4例,病原体明确者16例,其中单纯细菌性肺炎4例、巨细胞病毒性肺炎4例、卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎2例、支原体感染1例、结核感染1例、混合感染4例(细菌+病毒2例、细菌+真菌1例、细菌+结核1例).病程初期均给与广谱抗生素、抗病毒、抗真菌药物全覆盖治疗(哌拉西林他佐巴坦/左氧氟沙星+大扶康+更昔洛韦).后期依据病原学结果 给与相应治疗.全覆盖治疗无效时及时给予糖皮质激素或免疫球蛋白治疗.治愈17例,死亡3例.≥60岁组肺炎发生在术后1～9个月.亦均有存在发热,咳嗽5例,咳痰3例;Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭3例,Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭1例.大叶性肺炎3例,间质性肺炎5例;病原体不明3例,病原体明确者5例,其中单纯细菌性肺炎2例,巨细胞病毒性肺炎1例,混合性肺炎2例(细菌+巨细胞病毒1例.细菌+真菌1例).采取与<60岁组同样的治疗方案,治愈5例,死亡3例. 结论 老年人肾移植术后重症肺炎,以术后1～9个月多发.致病体以细菌及巨细胞病毒为主.早期宜采用抗细菌+抗病毒+抗真菌感染的全封闭式联合用药,并及时使用呼吸机辅助通气.明确致病体后使用窄谱抗生素或抗病毒药物.对不明病原体感染者,应用糖皮质激素或免疫球蛋白治疗可取得较好疗效.

Study on the diagnosis and treatment of severe pneumonia following renal transplantation in the elderly

Objective To explore the key points of the diagnosis and treatment of severe pneumonia following renal transplantation in the elderly. Methods The clinical data of 28 patients with severe pneumonia following renal transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, including 20 cases aged <60 years (<60 years old group) and 8 cases aged ≥60 years (≥60 years old group). Results In <60 years old group, the severe pneumonia occurred during 1-13 months after the renal transplantation. All the patients had fever. 10 cases coughed and 8 cases had expectoration. 6 cases had type I respiratory failure (RF) and 3 cases experienced type 11 RF. 6 cases had lobar pneumonia and 13 cases occurred interstitial pneumonia. One case experienced lung consolidation. The pathogens of 16 cases in <60 years old group were identified, including 4 cases with bacterial pneumonia, 4 cases with cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia, 2 cases with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Ⅰ case with mycoplasma infection, Ⅰ case with tuberculosis infection, and 4 cases with mixed infection (2 cases infected by bacteria plus CMV, 1 case by bacteria plus fungi and 1 case by bacteria plus tuberculosis). Combined drugs (broad-spectrum antibiotic, antivirus and antifungal agent) were administered on the initial stage and sensitive drugs were used later according to the pathogens. Hormone or immunoglobulin was used when other drugs were useless. 17 cases were cured and 3 cases died. In ≥60 years old group, the severe pneumonia occurred during 1-9 months after renal transplantation. All 8 patients had fever, too. 5 cases coughed and 3 cases had expectoration. 3 cases experienced type ⅠRF and 1 case experienced type Ⅱ RF. 3 cases had lobar pneumonia and 5 casesoccurred interstitial pneumonia. The pathogens of 5 eases were identified. Among them, 2 cases were affected by bacterial pneumonia, 1 case by CMV pneumonia and 2 cases by mixed pneumonia (one by bacteria plus CMV, one by bacteria plus fungi). Similar modality was applied, and 5 cases were cured and 3 cases died. Conclusions Most of severe pneumonia occur during 1-9 months after renal transplantation in the elderly. The main pathogens are bacteria and CMV. Medications for all of the most common pathogens and assisted ventilation should be used early. Specific narrow-spectrum antibiotic or antiviral drugs could be used quickly after pathogens were identified, and hormone or immunoglobulin could be administered to patients when the infection is severe or the pathogens are uncertain.