大学新生抑郁状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解不同学科大学新生抑郁状况及其影响因素,为及时发现并预防和控制大学生抑郁发生发展提供依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样法,于2014年10-11月在山东省青岛某高校2014级本科新生中抽取4789人进行问卷调查,计量资料比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ²检验,危险因素分析采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 大学新生抑郁检出率为9.8%;艺术类学生抑郁检出率为18.2%,明显高于工学、管理学、经济学、理学和医学专业(P<0.001);农村生源学生抑郁检出率为10.8%,明显高于城市学生的8.2%(P<0.001);与常模比较,大学新生父亲教养方式中的情感温暖、理解和拒绝、否认偏高、偏爱被试和过度保护得分偏低(P<0.001);母亲教养方式中的过分干涉、过度保护和偏爱被试得分偏低(P<0.001),而拒绝、否认得分偏高(P<0.05);青少年生活事件中的健康适应得分偏高(P<0.001),学习压力、受惩罚、丧失得分偏低(P<0.001);多因素logistic回归分析显示,城市学生患中重度抑郁风险增加,约为农村学生的2倍(OR=1.97,95% CI=1.16~3.35,P=0.012),父亲过度保护使中重度抑郁的风险增加21%(OR=1.21,95% CI=1.00~1.45,P=0.046),母亲过分干涉和过度保护可能降低中重度抑郁风险(OR=0.87,95% CI=0.75~1.00,P=0.056)。结论 不同学科大学新生抑郁检出率不同,艺术类学生最高;大学新生抑郁的发生与父母过度否认、拒绝、对子女缺乏关爱和保护有关;生活环境等的明显变化、长期远离家人的苦恼等也是新生出现抑郁的主要原因。

Prevalence and influencing factors of depression among college freshmen

Objective To study depression status and its influencing factors among college freshmen majoring in different disciplines and to provide basic information for prevention and control of depression in the students.Methods Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS) was administered to 4789 freshmen selected with stratified cluster sampling from a university in Qingdao city, Shandong province between October and November 2014.Then, Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran(EMBU) of Chinese Version and Adolescent Self-Rating Life Event Checklist were completed by 463 freshmen with the SDS scores of ≥53.T test, chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used in analyses.Results The overall detection rate of depression was 9.8% among the freshmen; the detection rate(18.2%) was significantly higher in the freshmen majoring in art than those majoring in engineering, management, economics, science, and medicine(χ²=26.743, P=0.001) and the freshmen from rural areas had significantly higher detection rate than those from urban areas(10.8% vs.8.2%, P<0.001).Compared with the norms of Chinese, the freshmen with depression symptoms had significantly higher scores for EMBU domains of maternal rejection and denial(both P<0.05), fatherly rejection, denial, emotional warmth, and comprehension(all P<0.001) and significantly lower scores for favoritism and overprotection of father and mother and maternal excessive interference(all P<0.001); additionally, the freshmen showed significantly higher score of life event for health adaptation(P<0.001) and lower scores for study stress, perceived punishment, and incapacitation(all P<0.001).The results of multivariate logistic regression revealed that the freshmen from urban areas had an increased risk of moderate-severe depression compared to those from rural areas(odds ratio [OR]=1.97, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:1.16-3.35; P=0.012); fatherly overprotection increased the risk of moderate-severe depression by 21%(OR=1.21, 95% CI:1.00-1.45; P=0.046), while maternal excessive interference and overprotection could decrease the risk of moderate-severe depression(OR=0.87, 95% CI:0.75-1.00; P=0.056).Conclusion The detection rate of depression is different among the college freshmen majoring in various disciplines and the freshmen majoring in art may have a higher rate and those in other disciplines.Parental rejection and denial, the lack of parental concern and care, and changes in living environment are major influencing factors for the onset of depression among college freshmen.