Interfacial shear strength of titanium implants in bone is significantly improved by surface topographies with high pit density and microroughness

Surface structure of implants influences bone response and interfacial shear strength between implants and bone. The aim of this study was to find topographical parameters that correlate with the interfacial shear strength. Two groups of sand-blasted titanium screws were implanted in 17 sheep tibia, each for 2-52 weeks: (A) acid pickled with HF/HNO(3); (B) acid etched with HCl/H(2)SO(4). Screw removal torque was measured and surface topography of both implant groups was studied by scanning electron microscopy, optical profilometry, and scanning probe microscopy. The roughness as well as the surface area of type A surface was higher in the scan region of 100 microm, but the microroughness and surface area of type B surface was higher in the scan region of 10 microm. A significantly higher removal torque (interfacial shear strength) of the surface treatment type B (412 +/- 60 Ncm) compared to surface treatment type A (157 +/- 33 Ncm) was found after 52 weeks of implantation in sheep due to differences in microroughness of both types of screws. It was also shown that the specification of the parameters Delta(a), R(a) and R(q) was not sufficient to characterize the properties of the implant surfaces. The analysis of R(q) parameter over wavelengths was required to characterize the size, shape and distribution of the implant surface structures.