Sequential development of helper and suppressor functions, antibody titers and functional avidities to a streptococcal antigen in rhesus monkeys

Sequential development of antibody titer, functional avidity, helper and suppressor activities were investigated in rhesus monkeys. These were immunized with a single dose of 0.1 microgram to 10 mg of a streptococcal protein antigen (SA) in aluminium hydroxide. The IgG antibody titers followed the classical pattern first established in mice, of high-dose and low-dose tolerance with intermediate doses of immunity. This was correlated with a similar pattern of functional avidity of IgG antibodies, as measured by a dissociation assay. Helper and suppressor functions were assayed in parallel by inducing the corresponding factors from monkey lymphocytes in Marbrook flasks and testing the factors which cross the species barrier in cooperative cultures with CBA mouse spleen B cells. A progressive modulation of helper and suppressor activities was elicited by the increasing doses of SA, during the initial 28 days after immunization. Thus, dominant suppressor with minimal helper activity, IgG antibody titer and functional avidity were elicited by 0.1 microgram SA. However, 1 or 10 micrograms SA induced dominant helper with minimal or transient suppressor activity and high IgG antibody titers and functional avidity. Somewhat intermediate responses were elicited by 100 micrograms SA, but 1 mg and especially 10 mg SA induced dominant suppressor and minimal helper activity, with low IgG antibody titers and functional avidities. When the immune response was established, about 28 days after immunization, the intermediate dose of SA elicited IgG antibodies with high titer and functional avidity, high T cell helper but low suppressor activities. In contrast, both high- and low-dose SA induced partial tolerance, with low IgG antibody titer, functional avidity and T cell helper activity. These studies suggest cyclical development of helper and suppressor functions during the 4 weeks after immunization. The emergence of a dominant helper or suppressor function is antigen dose dependent.